Which factors are crucial for the hydraulic performance of a distribution system?

The hydraulic performance of a distribution system is significantly influenced by several physical characteristics of the piping and the configuration of the system. The correct choice highlights the importance of pipe diameter, length, bends, and fittings.

Pipe diameter is critical because it affects the flow rate and velocity of water moving through the system. A larger diameter typically allows for greater flow, while a smaller diameter can create restrictions, increasing friction loss and reducing pressure. The length of the pipe also matters; longer pipes result in more friction loss, which can decrease the pressure and flow at the delivery point.

Bends and fittings contribute to the overall resistance in the system. Every time the water encounters a bend or fitting, there is an associated loss in pressure due to turbulence and increased surface area contact. Therefore, a well-designed system must account for these factors to maintain optimal pressure and flow rates throughout the distribution network.

In comparison, while water temperature and chlorine levels can affect water quality and disinfection processes within the system, they do not directly impact the hydraulic performance related to flow dynamics. Similarly, the age of the infrastructure can indicate potential issues like leaks and breaks, but it is not a definitive measure of hydraulic performance on its own. Overall, an understanding of the physical characteristics of the system